Family structure in the United States Essay Example for Free

Family structure in the United States Essay During WII nuclear families were the most common family type. Men were the main breadwinners and the women stayed at home, taking care of the children. This has now shifted to shared and even reversed roles, as dual-earner families are also on the rise. Since WWII, there has been a rise in types of families such as extended, single parent and step. â€Å"Of all the households in 2005, 57% were couple families compared with 70% in 1971. The biggest fall has been in couple families with three or more dependent children† (Fisher Et Al 2012) There are many reasons why family structures have changed since WWll. The biggest factor has been divorced, with a dramatic increase from only 339 divorces in 1971 to 2,360 in 2015 (nisra.gov.uk 14/09/17). There are now approximately 1.7 million lone-parent families in Britain making up about 25% of families. This was due to the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 taking force in 1971. The social stigma of divorce was no longer as big an issue and financial independence is now increasing for women, making it easier on women to leave their husbands (www.theguardian.com). This devalued marriage, with many choosing not to legally marry. 36% of adults in Northern Ireland remain single (NI Census, 2011). Cohabitation is on the increase, with almost 6 in 10 babies being born to either unmarried parents or a single mother. The numbers are greatest in Belfast and Derry (The Belfast Telegraph, 23/9/15). Cohabitation during and after WW2 would have been seen as unforgivable with hardly any couple doing so. Lots of factors have changed to make couples living together out of wedlock more relaxed. There has been a decrease in social stigma and a decreasing church influence, with only 1 in 10 people now regularly attending church (www.bbcnews.co.uk). However, Northern Ireland has the highest level of churchgoers in the UKwww.faithsurvey.co.uk. Only 36% of marriages take place in church comparing to 1960 when all marriages took place in a church (www.stp.pembrokeshire.sch.uk). The introduction and accessibility of contraception have had an influence on family structures. This has had a major effect on couples starting their families, especially if they are concentrating on building their career. According to BBC News (4/12/11) in Britain in the 1960’s, the pill was available only to married women who felt their families were complete. By 1974 all women, including those who were single could have the pill prescribed. When contraception was more widely used it affected the UK by couples having smaller families. They were able to plan if and when to start and family and how many children to have. The NI Census shows a reduction in the average household size from 2.65 in 2001 to 2.54 in 2011. Many couples are now childless. The Sunday Times magazine (Christina Patterson, 20/10/13) backs up this information stating that â€Å"It is estimated that, by 2018, 25% of British women of childbearing age will never have a baby†, and this increases to a th ird of women with degrees. The dependence of women working in WW2 and the suffragette movement meant that the roles of women changed significantly and by the 1960’s, 38% of women were employed (www.bbc.co.uk). The equal pay act was passed in 1970 giving women their rights, however, according to ONS statistics on average, women are paid over 19% less than men. Followed by the Sex Discrimination Act, then shortly after women finally won the right to 14 weeks’ maternity leave in 1993 and more in recent years. These acts allow women to work in within a working environment fairly and being paid the same as men which means that single parents have a better opportunity of coping on their own rather than being having the stress of finding a partner (www.bbc.co.uk). Statistics back this up by stating that there are now approximately 1.7million lone parent families in Britain this makes up about 25% of all families (Fisher et al 2012) There has also been an increase in families based on same-sex civil partners as a result of legislation in 2004. The first same-sex civil partnership took place in Belfast in December 2005. The number of same-sex marriages in Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2015 have gone up and down throughout the years due to media portrayals. In 2005 there were 12 same-sex marriages increasing to the highest number is ever been in 2010 at 116. The numbers have decreased since then to 89 in 2015.

City on a hill: A new nation is born :: essays papers

City on a hill: A new nation is born The city on a hill idea was first taught by the puritans that came from Europe, that wanted America to be a shining example to all the world. It was to be a place built on new rules and new ideas. Overall, it was supposed to be a nation that rose above all the others so that it could be marveled at and copied. In this paper it will be proven that the federalist approach to how the â€Å"City on a Hill† idea should be put into action was superior to the ways of the anti-federalists because of three things that they did:1. Protected the people from tyranny, 2. Provided opportunity, 3. Insured liberty, 4. Protected individual rights and liberty, and 5. Had a more lasting effect on the methods used for ruling our country. The federalists definantly protected the people of their country from tyranny. Before the federalists, the anti-federalists ruled the states, and they were very tyrannous. For example, they wanted all of the states to each take up a portion of the debt from the revolutionary war. This was easily payable by the larger states that had much industry, but for the smaller or less industrially developed states, this was a debt that they were just not able to handle. The federalists finally decided when they had the power that they would assume the debt as a part of a deal to move the capitol to Washington, D.C. This is just one example of how the anti-federalists tried to control the citizens while the federalists wanted to free the people and give them a chance to lead a free life. The federalist party definantly gave the people of the United States opportunity. The anti-federalists, however, did not. They not only jailed those in debt, but also they never set up a national bank to make loans so that people could cope with their debt. From setting up a national bank to helping people in debt, the federalists were able to lend money and keep people from being imprisoned for owing money. This allowed for the opportunity to grow and to expand to many of the peoples of the U.S. The federalists insured liberty by putting an end to being jailed for debt. While the anti-federalists put the law into effect that allowed people to be jailed for their debts, until the people were so tired that they staged a rebellion, the federalists got rid of this and set up the bank and took over state debts from the war.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay

A. What is the difference between a contribution income statement and a traditional income statement? Contribution income statement is an income statement that classifies cost by behavior (fixed cost and variable cost). Traditional income statement is sometimes called the functional income statement. It is an income statement prepared in the multiple-step or single –step income statement format which conforms to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and can be used for external financial reporting. The main difference between the two is that the contribution income statement list variable costs first, followed by fixed costs. Keeping in mind that GAAP and does not permit businesses to use the contribution income statement for financial accounting – it is used only for internal decision making purposes. B. What is the difference between absorption costing and variable costing? Absorption costing is a costing method where product cost includes all the costs to acquire products and get them ready to sell regardless of whether the costs are variable or fixed. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires business to use absorption costing for financial accounting. Variable costing is a method of costing where only the costs to acquire products or to get them ready to sell that vary with output are treated as product costs. In other words, only variable product costs are treated as product costs. For manufactures, the difference between absorption costing and variable costing is significant. For example, when Caterpillar uses absorption costing to determine the cost of manufacturing, its product cost includes the direct material, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead cost incurred to make the bulldozer. These costs are added to inventory and they are not expensed as cost of goods sold until the bulldozer is sol. However, when Caterpillar uses variable costing, product cost, includes only direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead costs. Under variable costing all of Caterpillar’s fixed manufacturing overhead cost is treated as period cost. When Caterpillar uses variable costs are added to inventory (direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead). Under variable costing, Caterpillar expenses fixed manufacturing overhead as it is incurred just like it does other period cost such as selling and administrative expense. F. What is the contribution margin ratio and how does it differ from the contribution margin? Contribution margin is the amount remaining after all variable costs have been deducted from sales revenue. It is an important piece of information for managers, because it tells them how much of their company’s original sales dollars remain after deducting variable cost. Contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin expressed as a percentage of sales. Contribution margin ratio can be calculate by dividing the total contribution margin by total sales or by dividing the per unit contribution margin by per unit selling prices.

Reflection Substance And Family - 1410 Words

Reflection: Substance and Family Tracy Collins Wilmington University In physical science, the term substance simply refers to a pure form of matter that contains molecules, where a combination of different molecules forms a mixture. In the context of this paper, the term substance relates to drugs and alcohol, which, when misused, bring about undesirable consequences. Drugs can be of varied categories. Addictive drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroine are usually harmful to one’s health as their consumption brings about health complications. Others such as prescription drugs are helpful to people’s health because they cure diseases, but if abused, they can equally harm an individual’s health. The present paper focuses on†¦show more content†¦From my personal observation in my community, people may abuse drug for several reasons. I examine one of the main reasons for one to abuse drugs, which is the failure to socialize with other people around them in the right way. Such people believe that the further they are from the rest of the world, the better their life becomes. For this cause, a person separates himself/herself and quits socializing with others. Eventually, solitude takes its place in such a person, leaving them overwhelmed by loneliness and a feeling of being left out. Being emotionally distant from friends and loved ones erodes the self-confidence of that person. As time goes by, he/she resorts to drug and substance abuse as a substitute of the missing socialization. This occurs when they become confounded by the belief that smoking, drinking or sniffing drugs will set their minds free from isolation and solitude. This habit creates the wrong impression that the more they purchase drugs from their addicted peers, the more they make new friends, and hence the more they are engaging in socialization. Unfortunately, they fail to recognize that this is the wrong way of socializing. In this manner, substance abuse damages both an individual’s life and the community at large with it s deleterious effects. I have to state clearly that I have never abused substances either as a child or young adult in my entire life, implying that I am not a direct victim of the effects of substance abuse.Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse In America Case Study780 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse in America has gone to lengths such as reaching the rural Appalachian culture in West Virginia. Despite the Nationwide crisis and epidemic of 23 million individuals using, misusing and abusing substances West Virginia is currently unable to say that they are safe and that they have not been affected by this epidemic (Carpenter, Mcclellan, Rees, 2016). 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UnderstandingRead MoreLife Core A Facility For Adults With Substance Addiction901 Words   |  4 PagesThe names of the speaker was Stephanie Stout, which included Madison Nabors, and Dale Nabors, they all share employment at Life Core a facility for adults with substance addiction. Stephanie is a Peer Specialists that help clients recover from their addiction. I know a little something about how person acts after a drug overdose. The hospital that I work at drug overdose is common. 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For my immersion experience I choose to focus on the population of women